Which of the following are protocols included in the IPsec architecture?

• A. IKE, AH, and ESP
• B. SSL, TLS, and SSH
• C. FTP, TCP, and UDP
• D. HTTP, HTTPS, and TLS

Answer: (A)

IPsec is a framework for securing IP communications that includes both the security protocols and a key management protocol. The security protocols are Authentication Header (AH), which provides data integrity and authenticity, and Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP), which offers confidentiality through encryption (with optional integrity). The key management protocol that ties IPsec together is Internet Key Exchange (IKE), which negotiates and establishes security associations and cryptographic keys between peers. Together, IKE for key management and AH/ESP for protection of data form the IPsec architecture.

The other options don’t fit because they are protocols used for securing data in other contexts (SSL/TLS, SSH), or general transport/application protocols (FTP, TCP, UDP), or web-related protocols (HTTP/HTTPS, TLS) that operate outside the IPsec framework.